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Black Skin, White Masks

Black Skin, White Masks

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  • Create Date：2021-04-25 13:51:28
  • Update Date：2025-09-06
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  • Author：Frantz Fanon
  • ISBN：0241396662
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Summary

Few modern voices have had as profound an impact as Frantz Fanon。 A major influence on civil rights， anti-colonial and black consciousness movements around the world， Black Skin， White Masks is an unsurpassed study of the black psyche in a white world。

Hailed for its scientific analysis and poetic grace when it was first published in 1952， it established Fanon as a revolutionary thinker and remains just as relevant and powerful today。

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Reviews

Alison ，

Wretched of the Earth， written nine years after this one， is such a strong critique of the psychology of colonialism， that I immediately preordered the new edition of Black Skin， White Masks upon finishing it。 Unfortunately， while the bare bones of the critique is here， so a vast load of Freudian crap - some of it very sexist， and truly cringeworthy around the psychology of black women， and some homophobia thrown in。 I'm going to choose to be pleased Fanon's later work moved away from this， and Wretched of the Earth， written nine years after this one， is such a strong critique of the psychology of colonialism， that I immediately preordered the new edition of Black Skin， White Masks upon finishing it。 Unfortunately， while the bare bones of the critique is here， so a vast load of Freudian crap - some of it very sexist， and truly cringeworthy around the psychology of black women， and some homophobia thrown in。 I'm going to choose to be pleased Fanon's later work moved away from this， and go back to being enthused about that。 。。。more

Kayla ，

This tiny book is so rich in ideas， I'll definitely have to reread it。 In terms of the writing， it's unlike any type of writing I've seen。 It feels like stream of consciousness in its passion， but it's so overwhelmingly rich， there's no way it can be stream of consciousness。。。 right？ I definitely did not understand most of what I read， as I'm fairly new to this scene of philosophy + psychology + racial studies + sociology， but even for a novice reader like me， there was so much to take away。 Fan This tiny book is so rich in ideas， I'll definitely have to reread it。 In terms of the writing， it's unlike any type of writing I've seen。 It feels like stream of consciousness in its passion， but it's so overwhelmingly rich， there's no way it can be stream of consciousness。。。 right？ I definitely did not understand most of what I read， as I'm fairly new to this scene of philosophy + psychology + racial studies + sociology， but even for a novice reader like me， there was so much to take away。 Fanon is primarily studying the phenomenon of the inferiority complex that occurs as a result of economic inequality and other internalizations of racism。 He goes into abstract ideas of alienation and understandings of the self， but he does so in such a vibrant （and sometimes confusing lol） voice。 It's amazing。 I mostly only truly understood Chapter 1 and 5 （thanks to my professor lmao）， so I'll have to reread the rest of them when I have time。 But here is what I loved/understood: Chapter 1: "The Black Man and Language" Fanon talks about the ways in which colonization alienated people of color from their language。 He gets into the dynamics of white supremacy and how this concept of white superiority made the person of color's native language into something shameful。 He talks about the ever-present dichotomy between white and non-white， and how person of color is suddenly cast into this situation where they have to risk alienating themself from their roots and family and culture or risk being seen as inferior， alienating themself from their own sense of humanity。 There's too much to unpack here， but it was exquisite。 Chapter 5: "The Lived Experience of the Black Man" In this chapter， Fanon takes us on a vibrant and emotional ride of the lived experience of the black man。 He， again， touches on the main theme of alienation from the self -- how always having to live relative to the white man's gaze， creating a sort of double-consciousness that is both disorienting and alienating to the self。 The overarching theme of this chapter was about the fight to disalienate the self in the context of the race and class struggles。One thing I loved was his discussion of the Negritude movement and how， while it was a movement of pride and revival of culture， it was ultimately a form of self-exoticized culture， defining itself in contrast to the white standard。 It was overall a great commentary on how attempts to define culture often fall right back into the white/non-white dichotomy， and how the ever-present definition of the self relative to the white man makes it impossible to truly escape the colonized mentality。 Fanon comes to the conclusion that the cultural movement of Negritude is not enough and that the real issue lies in the economic inequality。 There was some commentary from Sartre and some stuff about a dialectical that completely went over my head， but it was still fascinating。 Overall， this was a mind-blowing book that was a WILD introduction into this field of study。 90% of it went over my poor engineering head， but I definitely see this book as something worth working and chipping away at。 。。。more

Arif Khwaja ，

Fabulous exploration on the psychological effects of simply being black in a white world。。。 masterpiece of original thought

Armin ，

Fanon starts with a very material problem: Black French citizens coming to France from Outremer and realizing that they are not considered as French citizens for the color of their skins; and this is despite the fact that back home， they did not consider themselves as Africans。。。 he then goes through a number of issues in each of the chapters， mostly drawing from some writings by some Black writers and trying to review those issues from a psychoanalytical point of view while underlining the shor Fanon starts with a very material problem: Black French citizens coming to France from Outremer and realizing that they are not considered as French citizens for the color of their skins; and this is despite the fact that back home， they did not consider themselves as Africans。。。 he then goes through a number of issues in each of the chapters， mostly drawing from some writings by some Black writers and trying to review those issues from a psychoanalytical point of view while underlining the shortcomings of phsychoanalysis in grappling with those issues。 This is notable because Fanon wrote this book in a period when psychoanalysis was a very catchy discipline and many people were treating it as the science of sciences。 The most moving part of the book， however， is the conclusion where Fanon points to the irrelevance of history in making things harder between the Black and White。 Instead he highlights the importance of a mutually respectful relationship that needs to be worked out by both Black and White people。 。。。more

Craig Dove ，

I read this book because of references to it in Judith Butler's book， The Force of Non-Violence。 I was broadly familiar with Frantz Fanon prior to reading this， but hadn't read more than snippets of Wretched of the Earth。 The blend of psychoanalysis， Marxism， and existentialism was also familiar， but not in the context of post-colonial theory。 I'll have to ponder this one for a while。 I read this book because of references to it in Judith Butler's book， The Force of Non-Violence。 I was broadly familiar with Frantz Fanon prior to reading this， but hadn't read more than snippets of Wretched of the Earth。 The blend of psychoanalysis， Marxism， and existentialism was also familiar， but not in the context of post-colonial theory。 I'll have to ponder this one for a while。 。。。more

Romane Pl ，

Le Noir emprisonné par son corps et par le passé coloniale。 200 pages cruciales。 Fanon survole de manière dense et renseignée le racisme intériorisé dans toute son horreur à travers le langage， l'amour， la culture。 Ce livre écrit il y a plus d'un demi-siècle permet de comprendre des mécanismes encore en place aujourd'hui。 De nombreuses références à Sartre et ses analyses de l'homme juif。 Quelques passages très problématiques au sujet de la culture du viol ou de l'homophobie。 Le Noir emprisonné par son corps et par le passé coloniale。 200 pages cruciales。 Fanon survole de manière dense et renseignée le racisme intériorisé dans toute son horreur à travers le langage， l'amour， la culture。 Ce livre écrit il y a plus d'un demi-siècle permet de comprendre des mécanismes encore en place aujourd'hui。 De nombreuses références à Sartre et ses analyses de l'homme juif。 Quelques passages très problématiques au sujet de la culture du viol ou de l'homophobie。 。。。more

Vinay Arun ，

A work of constant questioning。 Brilliant。 Few books come close to this。

Suzan Sarı ，

Muhteşem önsöz， şiirsel yöntem。

Fiana ，

Possibly the most exquisite piece of writing I have read to date。

Lawrence Goozee ，

“O my body， always make me a man who questions。”ruthlessly and unashamedly critical of the psychological effects of racism， colonialism， segregation， apartheid。 his experience as a psychoanalyst offers pertinent and persuasive arguments on race & aspirational assimilation， although unfortunately these arguments were something he never extends to gender in any meaningful or progressive way。 however， rejecting the book on these grounds would be wasteful。i love this book， and the “cool heat of rage “O my body， always make me a man who questions。”ruthlessly and unashamedly critical of the psychological effects of racism， colonialism， segregation， apartheid。 his experience as a psychoanalyst offers pertinent and persuasive arguments on race & aspirational assimilation， although unfortunately these arguments were something he never extends to gender in any meaningful or progressive way。 however， rejecting the book on these grounds would be wasteful。i love this book， and the “cool heat of rage” （Deborah Levy） in which it was written makes it a book absolutely unlike any other that i’ve read。 。。。more

Hepexi ，

This story is definitely adictive。

João Braga ，

"I， a man of color， want but one thing: May man never be instrumentalized。 May the subjugation of man by man—that is to say， of me by another—cease。""Superiority？ Inferiority？ Why not simply try to touch the other， feel the other， discover each other？" "I， a man of color， want but one thing: May man never be instrumentalized。 May the subjugation of man by man—that is to say， of me by another—cease。""Superiority？ Inferiority？ Why not simply try to touch the other， feel the other， discover each other？" 。。。more

Thomas ，

Everyone should read this

John McCarthy ，

This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it， click here。 recommended by Justin Freeman （Lunchclub）

Heyyonicki ，

Un livre assez ardu par moment， que j'ai plus apprécié au début qu'à la fin， et dont je garderai un souvenir d'ensemble un peu paradoxale。 Certaines parties m'ont vraiment profondément intéressé， principalement les premiers chapitres， où j'y ai trouvé des informations pertinentes et contemporaines。 Les derniers chapitres， beaucoup plus axés psychologie （de ce que j'en ai ressenti） m'ont hélas laissé un peu en dehors。 C'est une lecture qui ne fut pas de tout repos。 À relire ！ Un livre assez ardu par moment， que j'ai plus apprécié au début qu'à la fin， et dont je garderai un souvenir d'ensemble un peu paradoxale。 Certaines parties m'ont vraiment profondément intéressé， principalement les premiers chapitres， où j'y ai trouvé des informations pertinentes et contemporaines。 Les derniers chapitres， beaucoup plus axés psychologie （de ce que j'en ai ressenti） m'ont hélas laissé un peu en dehors。 C'est une lecture qui ne fut pas de tout repos。 À relire ！ 。。。more

Michael Gallagher ，

Halfway finished， just lost my appetite for it through too infrequent readings; just too busy right now。 Will come back to it later， Fanon’s prose is great！

Micyukcha ，

There are subjects in here that feel taboo and risque， things that would be possibly tricky to talk about with a pretty close friend， or at least you'd want to raise it in a certain time and way。 Fanon writes about the power of language， and although he operates in the white-black French-Martinique dynamic， as an Asian American， I can still relate。 There is the dominant culture and "other"， there is still a chasm between those who have it by the virtue of their skin， upbringing， and those that d There are subjects in here that feel taboo and risque， things that would be possibly tricky to talk about with a pretty close friend， or at least you'd want to raise it in a certain time and way。 Fanon writes about the power of language， and although he operates in the white-black French-Martinique dynamic， as an Asian American， I can still relate。 There is the dominant culture and "other"， there is still a chasm between those who have it by the virtue of their skin， upbringing， and those that do not。 This dynamic plays out， even when the dominant culture， the European white person， is not there。 Proximity to the dominant culture is still there。 It reminds me of critical race theory， when calling a person non-white， you are still centering the white person and harping on what the "non-white" person lacks， hence "person of color"。A lot to unpack。 With psychological-cultural insights， as Doctor Fanon does/did， mapping the internal individual ego to the external mass psychology， identifying and naming psychosomatic and psychotic behaviors and outcomes， as writ large from the effects of colorism， colonialism， and white supremacy。Slightly harder to access with the theory and pop/academic/cultural references that are almost three-quarters of a century old （you could go down many rabbit-worm-holes on Wikipedia and elsewhere）。 。。。more

Ísis Ruiz ，

Por muito tempo， eu acreditei que psicanálise e marxismo eram teorias totalmente contrárias e inconciliáveis。 Talvez meu referencial fosse Milan Kundera。 A partir daí vocês podem vislumbrar o antigo vazio na minha formação leitoraOuvi o nome de Fanon pela primeira vez aos 19， numa aula de literatura angolana。 Falou-se dele numa aula introdutória acerca da independência da Angola。 Alguns semestres depois， lembro do meu professor de literatura brasileira comentando sobre a escravidão: sobre como e Por muito tempo， eu acreditei que psicanálise e marxismo eram teorias totalmente contrárias e inconciliáveis。 Talvez meu referencial fosse Milan Kundera。 A partir daí vocês podem vislumbrar o antigo vazio na minha formação leitoraOuvi o nome de Fanon pela primeira vez aos 19， numa aula de literatura angolana。 Falou-se dele numa aula introdutória acerca da independência da Angola。 Alguns semestres depois， lembro do meu professor de literatura brasileira comentando sobre a escravidão: sobre como era um regime tão perverso que corrompia não só o escravo， mas também a subjetividade do seu senhor， que não se entendia （e na verdade não existia） fora da posição de dominador。 Essa era uma chave de leitura para o conto do Machado que estudávamos。 "Fanon fala sobre isso"。 O interesse veio despontar mesmo aos 22， quando me dei conta de que o revolucionário era também um psicanalista e fui atrás da obra dele。Agora preciso perder o decoro pra descrever esse livro porque várias vezes na minha leitura eu tinha que parar pra falar puta que pariuuuuuuuuu que livro do caralho porraaaaaaaFrantz Fanon é incrível。 Frantz Fanon tem uma das características que eu mais apreciava em Freud， que é esse uso literário da palavra。 Quando Frantz Fanon inicia "O homem de cor e a branca"， não sabemos se aquilo é um ensaio sociológico ou um poema em prosa。 Frantz Fanon tem essa características dos psicanalistas de saber que a diferença entre a ficção e a não-ficção não é tão grande assim。 É por isso que parte desse livro analisa romances escritos por negros e negras para entender como o fator racial molda suas ações e pensamentos。O capítulo mais nítido na minha mente é aquele em que Fanon analisa o romance de um jovem negro enviado à uma universidade majoritariamente branca， na França。 O protagonista exprime seus desafios e ressentimentos， e muitos liam esse livro como uma resposta do negro à ambientes racistas， excludentes。 Fanon se interpõe e diz que vê， nas imagens construídas， muito mais a expressão de uma estrutura de personalidade neurótica do que uma resposta típica do negro ao branco。 Sempre penso muito nesse jogo entre o que é uma demanda coletiva e o que é resultado das eternas repetições interpretativas da nossa cabeça。 。。。more

Lily Rause ，

Un essai très important sur le racisme Frantz Fanon psychiatre analyse les causes du colonialisme d'un point de vue psychique。 Cet essai n'est pas facile à comprendre mais à mon sens le chapitre 1 et surtout le chapitre 5 et 6 sont des points de vue très important et novateur。 A lire mais je recommande de se documenter avant。 Un essai très important sur le racisme Frantz Fanon psychiatre analyse les causes du colonialisme d'un point de vue psychique。 Cet essai n'est pas facile à comprendre mais à mon sens le chapitre 1 et surtout le chapitre 5 et 6 sont des points de vue très important et novateur。 A lire mais je recommande de se documenter avant。 。。。more

Hunter York ，

Another book for theory class。 5/5 for genre bending and beautiful writing。

Amandine ，

Des thèses intéressantes et une réflexion philosophique poussée - je recommande au lecteur de réviser ses notions sur Sartre et Hegel avant de se plonger dans cet essai。 Le style est lourd et la réflexion brouillon quant à l’explication des dites thèses。 Cet essai s’éparpille trop pour qu’on puisse suivre le cheminement de pensée de l’auteur。

valiantdust ，

I read it two or three times。 Really one of the classics of second wave anticolonial and antiracist texts。 Unlike the contemporary texts （e。g。， Kendi， DiAngelo）， Fanon is incisive and discusses the psychological and bodily dimensions of life under European colonialism。

Mathias Paitre ，

J'ai acheté ce livre pour découvrir Frantz Fanon， avant de pouvoir me jeter dans "Les damnés de la terre"， un ouvrage beaucoup plus gros。C'est vraiment une très bonne introduction à cet auteur， ses liens avec la psychanalyse （qui pose problème parfois） et avec le socialisme （qui pose beaucoup moins problème）。Le chapitre sur "l'expérience vécue de l'homme noir" est vraiment marquant et je pense même indispensable à lire （surtout quand on est blanc。he， c'est une excellente manière de se rendre com J'ai acheté ce livre pour découvrir Frantz Fanon， avant de pouvoir me jeter dans "Les damnés de la terre"， un ouvrage beaucoup plus gros。C'est vraiment une très bonne introduction à cet auteur， ses liens avec la psychanalyse （qui pose problème parfois） et avec le socialisme （qui pose beaucoup moins problème）。Le chapitre sur "l'expérience vécue de l'homme noir" est vraiment marquant et je pense même indispensable à lire （surtout quand on est blanc。he， c'est une excellente manière de se rendre compte de ce à quoi nous ne sommes JAMAIS confronté。es）。Et la conclusion du livre est juste incroyable tellement elle résume tout le passé， le présent et l'avenir de la décolonisation et de l'émancipation des peuples。 。。。more

Osmo ，

Ca fait au moins 15 ans que ce classique trône dans ma bibliothèque， et honnêtement il me faisait flipper。 J'ai été agréablement surprise par la forme hybride choisie pour porter le propos: à la fois pamphlet， témoignage personnel， relecture critique de romans， de poésie （ l'ombre de Césaire planne sur tout le livre）， et études de cas psychiatriques。 Certains passages m'ont fait penser à "Chronique d'un pays natal" de James Baldwin， écrit a peu près au même moment et qui décortique aussi la cons Ca fait au moins 15 ans que ce classique trône dans ma bibliothèque， et honnêtement il me faisait flipper。 J'ai été agréablement surprise par la forme hybride choisie pour porter le propos: à la fois pamphlet， témoignage personnel， relecture critique de romans， de poésie （ l'ombre de Césaire planne sur tout le livre）， et études de cas psychiatriques。 Certains passages m'ont fait penser à "Chronique d'un pays natal" de James Baldwin， écrit a peu près au même moment et qui décortique aussi la construction du Noir dans certaines oeuvres。 Comme Baldwin， Fanon évoque "Native Son" de Richard Wright。 Je n'ai pas tout compris de cette première lecture et tiens également à souligner que certains passages sont homophobes， il faut bien le dire。 C'est assez impressionnant de voir à quel point les problèmes que Frantz Fanon met sur la table en 1952 sont d'actualité et toujours aussi peu compris: la question de la diglossie （lorsqu'une langue est dévalorisée par rapport à une autre）， du colorisme， de l'hypersexualisation， de l'infantilisation et de la deshumanisation des noirs， mais aussi de ce que veut dire l'universel， obsession actuelle du dans le débat public français。 Un passage marquant est celui ou Fanon démontre comment Sartre， croyant bien faire dans sa préface à l'"Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie n**** et malgache"， disqualifie le mouvement de la négritude en le définissant comme une étape a passer avant d'atteindre le but ultime et vraiment important， celui d'une société post raciale。 Tout en insistant sur le fait que la névrose des Noirs et des Blancs prennent racines dans un système raciste installé pour légitimer l'esclavage et la colonisation， c'est aussi frappant de voir un essai qui institue le sujet de la santé mentale des Noirs comme vrai sujet de connaissance。 Pour se faire une idée plus précise en 10 minutes， go check le podcast @bibliotieks qui y a consacré un épisode。 。。。more

Leyva Addison ，

I stopped halfway through chapter 3。Content is heavy and interesting but I’m not smart enough for this shit。 PhD-level words and thoughts。 I’m no scholar。Author seemingly spilled his thoughts on paper and didn’t bother revising。 It’s here and there all at once。 So， between the high-level words and unrevised stream-of-consciousness， I struggled to follow along。

Benjamin Redwood ，

Excellent。 Beginning I found a bit slow， but I’d urge any feeling the same to press on。 From chapter 4 it’s an excellent blend of psychology， philosophy， sociology， poetry / criticism and his own poetic exploration of his self and experience。 And finally， the conclusion is fireworksome。

Sig ，

Fanon takes readers on a multi-layered analysis of black existentialism， mixing personal experiences， psychoanalysis， literal and linguistic inquiry。 The sections seek to analyse the post-colonial situation as a social problem， confronting racism in literature as well as highlighting the shortcomings of many contemporary analyses in Fanon's time。 At it's peak the book is impassioned and heartrending as a call to directly combat suffering at the hands of racism and colonialism， and at its weakest Fanon takes readers on a multi-layered analysis of black existentialism， mixing personal experiences， psychoanalysis， literal and linguistic inquiry。 The sections seek to analyse the post-colonial situation as a social problem， confronting racism in literature as well as highlighting the shortcomings of many contemporary analyses in Fanon's time。 At it's peak the book is impassioned and heartrending as a call to directly combat suffering at the hands of racism and colonialism， and at its weakest， Fanon is merely reproducing the analytical horizons of his era。 From this I would add a note， that due to the Freudian perspective employed by Fanon， there is both a meagre engagement with the intersection of race and gender， as well as a detour into what is a homophobic conception of pathology。 By no means is Fanon unique in these respects， as I am aware these are widespread issues within Freudian psychoanalysis， but I feel it is worth mentioning as I think it's perfectly valid to feel uncomfortable when reading parts of Chapter 6。 All in all， the book is groundbreaking in its argumentation and presentation， and has gotten me more interested in anti-racist literature as well as Fanon's corpus as a whole。 。。。more

Colin Brightwell ，

Dense。 Deep。 Relevant。

Goldberg ，

An exceptional insight

Daniel ，

This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it， click here。 I've always wanted to read this book to educate myself about the "phenomenon of black people in white masks"。 Yet， after completing the book， I was astonished by the depth in which the author goes to analyze the inferiority complex that plaguing black people。During colonialism， white intellectuals （who believed themselves to be liberal thinkers） argued that black people are naturally servile。 They are "a child race" to whom， the white man was a natural "master race"。 But Fanon argues that the fe I've always wanted to read this book to educate myself about the "phenomenon of black people in white masks"。 Yet， after completing the book， I was astonished by the depth in which the author goes to analyze the inferiority complex that plaguing black people。During colonialism， white intellectuals （who believed themselves to be liberal thinkers） argued that black people are naturally servile。 They are "a child race" to whom， the white man was a natural "master race"。 But Fanon argues that the feeling of inferiority was created through slavery and colonialism。 When black people internalize their oppression as a personal failure， this is when an inferiority complex arises。 And this state of mind of the black people fuels the self-fulfilling analysis of the erstwhile white intellectuals who justified racism。Here is a more in-depth overview: In Chapter 1， Fanon explores the relationship between race， language， and culture。 For Fanon， language provides entry into a culture， so when someone speaks French， they are taking on the French culture。 But when Black people speak French， they are always reminded they can never be fully French。 Moreover， they are told they do not have a civilized language of their own， unlike people from other white European countries like Germany or Russia。 In this way， language is used to make Black people feel they are uncivilized and without a history。 As one consequence， Black people who have been told they are inferior may develop a kind of inferiority complex and want to become “superior” by becoming white。This desire to become white is explored in Chapters 2 and 3， which are about interracial relationships between Black and white people。 Fanon observes that Black women may take a white lover in order to get access to a white culture that has more advantages and privileges。 Similarly， Black men may consider white women gatekeepers to culture， and marrying a white woman provides a feeling of having married all the beauty， education， and wealth that whiteness stands for in racist societies。 But because Black people can never leave behind the fact of their Blackness， fleeing from their race is also fleeing from themselves。 This leads to a loss of a sense of self and in turn a loss of agency to act in the world。In Chapters 4 and 5， Fanon develops this analysis of the inferiority complex of Black people and the impossibility of leaving behind the fact of being Black。 For Fanon， it is important to realize that Black people do not naturally feel they are inferior。 Rather， this feeling is created by racism， which says whites are superior to Blacks and gives whites more economic advantages。 When Black people internalize their oppression as a personal failure， this is when an inferiority complex arises。 It is also constantly reinforced in everyday life in racist societies， because Black people are constantly reminded they are Black first and people second。 In other words， people are reduced to their race， instead of seen as unique human individuals。In Chapter 6， Fanon provides more specificity for what it means to be reduced to one’s race。 In European societies， Fanon argues， the only cultural representations of Black people are in ways that make them seem animalistic。 They are a symbol for the “biological，” which means they are primarily depicted as bodies rather than as people with minds and feelings。 This also leads to be over-sexualization of Black people， because Blackness becomes associated with the biological fact of reproduction。 European society is full of images of the virility and aggressiveness of Black men， for instance， from whom white women are said to need “protection。” This is one of the ways in which Blackness is depicted as an “evil Other。” Fanon says this is similar to how Jews are feared in European society。 But whereas the Jew is seen as a political threat， the Black man is seen as a biological threat。In the final chapters of Black Skin， White Masks， Fanon explores how people might move beyond this situation in which Black people are depicted as inferior and often develop a feeling of inferiority as well。 He dismisses theories by other psychiatrists that would solve the neurosis of an individual Black man by asking him to adjust his expectations and face reality。 Instead， he wants social solutions that transform the racist society that produced conditions of inequality to begin with。 Black people need to be encouraged to transform society by demanding humanity from white people， asserting freedom， and building a future freed from the subjugation of the past。 。。。more

Reference

google book https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Black Skin, White Masks

hathitrust digital library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=Black Skin, White Masks&field1=ocr&a=srchls&ft=ft&lmt=ft

The British Library https://bll01.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,Black Skin, White Masks&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=Not_BL_Suppress&vid=44BL_INST:BLL01&lang=en&offset=0